![]() Neuromodulation is the process of inhibition, stimulation, modification, or therapeutic alteration of activity in the CNS, PNS, or the autonomic nervous system (ANS), with the use of electricity. Physicians are now on the constant lookout for opioid sparing therapies to manage chronic pain, and neuromodulation may be the answer. Unfortunately, this upward trend has continued and remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. There have been an increasing number of deaths involving the overuse of prescription opioids. This drove physicians to resort to using opioid therapy to manage chronic pain, inadvertently leading to what we now known as the “Opioid crisis”. Unfortunately, chronic pain has been known to be notoriously resistant to conventional medical management (CMM). Considering the vast amount of suffering caused by chronic pain conditions, international resolutions were made to make access to adequate pain therapy a human right. ![]() Globally, 10% of adults are diagnosed with chronic pain conditions each year. This cost was more than the combined expenditure on heart diseases and diabetes mellitus. In the United States, the healthcare expenditure secondary to chronic pain conditions in the year 2010 was estimated to be $560–$635 billion dollars. Lower back pain alone has been the leading cause of YLDs for the past three decades. For decades, chronic pain conditions continue to pose an immense burden on the economy and society in the form of healthcare expenditures and years lived with disability (YLD). Chronic pain may be defined as pain persistent for more than 3–6 months. ![]() ![]() Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that involves complex processes of neuronal signaling in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the central nervous system (CNS). ![]()
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